Please circle your recitation section #: I am registered for:
Section: MON TUES WED THURS FRI
2201 2204 2205 2208 2209
2202 2206
2203 2207
DIRECTIONS:
1. Please, please, please PRINT your name on each and every page of
this exam NOW!
2. You must use a pen (if you wish the right to a re-grade request)
and you absolutely must confine your answers to the spaces provided.
We will/can not hunt for random scribblings!
3. You may leave when you have completed the exam until 9:40 AM.
Place your examination in the appropriate envelope at the front of the
room. At this time everyone will remain seated until all examinations
have been collected at exactly 9:50 AM.
4. Read the first in this year's series of words to live by and begin:
“Speak no evil, never complain, and make it happen.”
-WJH, 1997
| PAGE | Higgins Points | Visitor's Score |
| 2 | 28 | ________ |
| 3 | 38 | ________ |
| 4 | 42 | ________ |
| 5 | 53 | ________ |
| 6 | 39 | ________ |
| TOTALS | 200 POINTS | ________ |
#1. Dr. Harley Schmedlap, Jr., noted physiologist, ZOOL 422 alumnus,
and novice computer nerd, has taken the following measurements from the
nerve cells of creatures he discovered chewing on the inner workings of
the 422 computers. These cockroach-like creatures absorb energy that
is emitted from students' brains through the keyboard wiring. Obviously
these creatures are responsible for the poor grades earned by many students.
In any event, please help Dr. Schmedlap finish his computations:
(20 points)
| ION | [ION]In (mM) | [Ion]Out (mM) | Relative Permeabiltiy |
| Li+ | 20 | 200 | 0.03 |
| SO4= | 10 | 100 | 0.02 |
| Ca++ | 160 | 16 | 1.78 |
| Ba+ | 5 | 5 | 0.00 |
| Cl- | 30 | 300 | 0.02 |
A. Approximate the Vm: _____________________mV
B. To approximate the Vm, you used which ion? _____________________
WHY? ___________________________
C. If the nerve cell membrane contains voltage-gated Li+ channels that
open at threshold, what is the peak value in mV of the action potential?
___________________mV
D. What is the Equilibrium potential for Ba+? ___________________mV
E. Answer each of the following:
As P of Cl- increases, Vm will hyper- or depolarize? __________________
As [Ca++]Out increases, Vm will hyper- or depolarize? __________________
As [Li+]In increasses, Vm will hyper- or depolarize? __________________
At the Vm you found in A above, Ba+ will
enter or leave the cell? __________________
At what Vm will SO4= not enter or leave
the cell? _________________mV
2. In the space below, draw and label ALL features of the Parasympathetic
nervous system:
(8 points)
3. Fill in the following graph with ACTIVE, PASSIVE, AND TOTAL tensions for a cardiac muscle cell. LABEL your three curves! (12 points)
4. Fill in the following graph for a LEFT VENTRICLE: (26 points)
a. Label EDV with an A
b. Label ESV with a B
c. Label the point of mitral valve closing with a C
d. Label the point of aortic valve opening with a D
e. Bracket the isovolumetric contraction with an E at each
end
f. Bracket the ejection phase with an F at each end
g. Indicate the point at which the P wave of the ECG occurs
with a G
h. Indicate the point at which the T wave of the ECG occurs
with an H
i. Indicate the point at which the first heart sound occurs
with an I
5. LIST ( and I mean LIST) the steps in the intracellular mechanism
by which NE increases cardiac contractility: (14 points)
6. In no more than 10 (TEN) words each, explain two reasons for the importance of a long action potential in ventricular muscle cells: (10 points)
1.____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________
7. Does NE or Epi cause a greater increase in average BP? (10
pts) _______________
Why?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
8. Give the equation that is the mathematical basis for Starling's Law
of the Heart. Then describe or define each variable in the equation
in terms specific to the heart. (8pts)
9. Predict the actions of each agent on the parameters listed with (I)ncrease,
(D)ecrease, or No
: (30 points)
| AGENT | HR | TPR | SV | CO | DP | SP |
| ACh | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ |
| EPI | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ |
 -agonist |
__________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ |
 -agonist |
__________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ |
| nicotinic
agonist |
__________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ | __________ |
10. For each response or action listed below, give the branch of the
efferent nervous system that caused it (Para, Symp, or Somatic), the neurotransmitter(s)
released, and the receptors on the tissue that are activated: (23
points)
| RESPONSE | N.S. | NTs | RECEPTORS |
| Increased blood flow
To skeletal muscle |
___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Dilated pupils | ___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Increased intestinal
Activity |
___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Sweating | ___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Constricted
Airways |
___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Diaphragm
Contraction |
___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
| Decreased blood
Flow to gut |
___________________ | ___________________ | ___________________ |
11. An unknown agent decreases your heart rate, but is not blocked by atropine or by hexamethonium. It does not influence the response of the gut to NE or ACh. The action of this agent is not blocked by propranolol or an ? antagonsit. What could it be? (9 points)
____________________________________________
12. How about a few (I)ncrease, (D)ecrease, or No
to finish up this exam? (30 points)
| a. As a subject ages, arterial compliance | a._____ |
| b. As blood flows from the capillaries into the veins, velocity of flow | b._____ |
| c. As blood flows from the capillaries into the veins, blood pressure | c._____ |
| d. As the dose of digitalis applied to the heart increases, EDV | d._____ |
| e. As the dose of digitalis applied to the heart increases, ventricular contractility | e._____ |
| f. An i.v. administration of hexmathonium will cause a subject's response to ACh to | f._____ |
| g. Immediately after the QRS complex of an ECG, ventricular pressure will | g._____ |
| h. Immediately after the P wave of an ECG, atrial volume will | h._____ |
| i. As blood vessel diamter decreases, blood flow in that vessel | i._____ |
| j. As HR increases, diastolic BP | j._____ |