DIRECTIONS
•     Please PRINT your name on each page of examination immediately!!!!  NOW!!
•     Answer the questions using a pen if you wish the right to a re-grade request.
•     You absolutely must confine your answers to the spaces provided.  Do not wander
      off onto the back of a page, the margins around some other question, or such foolishness.
•     Your handwriting (printing) must be legible.
•     If you have completed the examination before the end of the 50 minute period, sign the
      honor statement below, and place the exam in the correct envelope at the front of the room.
      If you use all of the allotted 50 minutes, please remain seated until all examinations have
      been collected.

I certify that I neither sought, received, nor gave any unauthorized information while taking this examination.
 

_____________________________________ ________________
 Signature                                                              Date
 

#1.     Dr Harley Schmedlap, Jr., noted physiologist, BSCI 440 alumnus, and part-time rodent catcher has collected some unusual data from the neurons of a new species of rat found wandering around Cole Field House.  This mangy, flea-bitten creature has blue tinged fur and is just plain ugly.  Dr. Schmedlap has aptly named this beast Dukeii disgustingus Krzyzewski.  He was so repulsed by this creature that he was unable to complete his calculations, so he leaves them to you, his trusted colleague and loyal Terp fan.  (32 points)
 
 

#1a. What is the actual sign and accurate value of the
resting membrane potential?                                     ____________mV

b. What is the maximum, peak potential possible for an
 action potential carried on these neurons?                ____________mV

c. List two changes in membrane permeability that
 would result in hyperpolarization:

  ________________________ and  _________________________

d. List two changes in [Ion]out that would result in a measurable membrane
 depolarization

  ________________________ and  _________________________

e. List two changes in membrane permeability that
 would result in depolarization:

  ________________________ and  _________________________

f. What is responsible for the rising phase of an action potential? (Be specific!)

  __________________________________________________

g. What 2 things are responsible for the falling or repolarization phase of the action potential?

___________________________and______________________________
h. What feature or property of a neuron prohibits an action potential from reversing directions as it travels down and axon?

  ________________________________________________________
i. If the Vm were established by the investigator to - 90 mV, in which direction will Cl- diffuse?

   ______________________________________________

#2. Some individuals suffering from a hyper-secretion of acid in the stomach were often given atropine.  Please explain the rationale for this treatment in fewer than 25 words. (10pts)
 
 
 

#3. For each of the following, list all of the neurotransmitter(s) responsible for the given response, the PREDOMINATE receptor type(s) involved, and whether this is an INHIBITORY(I) or EXCITATORY (E) type of response: (31 points)
 
 

#4. Agent X has no effect on intestinal motility, increases heart rate, but does not change respiratory airway diameter.  The actions of agent X are not affected by hexamethonium, curare, or atropine, but are blocked by propranolol. (5 pts)

    Agent X is a(n) _______________________________

 Agent Y does not block the actions of ACh, NE, or Epi on the intestine, but eliminates the responses of the heart to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation.    (5 pts)
    Agent Y is a(n) _______________________________
 Agent Z dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscle, increase the flow of digestive juices, increases salivary flow, and decreases the diameter of respiratory passages.  (5 pts)

    Agent Z is a(n) _______________________________

#5. A friend knows that you are taking Mam Phys and comes to you with a problem. He has been diagnosed with a rare form of hemophilia, but is unclear about which clotting factor he is missing. How could you help him narrow down the possibilities, determining whether it was a clotting factor in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?  (25 pts)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#6. You have recently discovered a disease caused by a potent strain of bacteria, Higginsium toxica which, if left untreated, results in death. You have also managed to isolate the bacteria and come up with a “vaccine” by purifying several proteins from the bacterial coat. You decide to test the vaccine on yourself and feel fine. 1 month later you inject yourself with some of the live bacteria.    (30 points)

a. How does the response of your immune system differ in these 2 exposures? Be sure to include why this difference occurs.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

b. For further investigation, you draw some of you own blood and discover that you have several antibodies with the ability to bind to the bacteria. Why did this happen?   (Answer on next page, please.)
#6 b. answer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

c. What part of the antibodies must be different?
 
 
 
 

d. How might the antibodies be promoting destruction of the bacteria?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#7. For a good time and 3 easy points each, answer each of the following with either (I)ncrease, (D)ecrease, or No 
 

a.	As the intensity of a stimulus increases, the distance traveled by the  resulting graded potential along an axon	a_______
b.	As the concentration of an excitatory neurotransmitter in the synapse  increases, the magnitude of the resulting EPSP	b_______
c.	As extracellular calcium concentration decreases, the amount of ACh  released from a somatic nerve	c_______
d.	As action potential frequency increases, the conduction velocity of  an axon	d_______
e.	As the load placed on a muscle is decreased, the amount that the muscle  will shorten after stimulation	e_______
f.	As the frequency of action potentials on a somatic nerve decreases,  the active tension developed by a skeletal muscle	f_______
g.	After a dose of atropine is followed by a high dose of ACh, a subject’s heart rate will	g_______
h.	As erythropoeitin synthesis increases the hematocrit	h_______
i.	In a patient suffering from hemolytic anemia, the plasma bilirubin level is	i_______
j.	As levels of interleukins increase, the platelet  count	j_______
k.	If fibrinolysin activity is inhibited, the size of a blood clot	k_______
l.	As selectin and integrin concentrations decrease, leukocyte diapedesis	l_______
m.	When antigens bind to IgE’s, capillary permeability and blood flow	m_______
n.	If a person of type A blood receives type B blood, red blood cell agglutination	n_______
o.	If thromboxane A2 synthesis is inhibited, platelet aggregation	o_______
p.	As plasma levels of active factor X increase, plasma  fibrinogen levels	p_______
q.	When mast cells degranulate, blood flow to that area	q_______
r.	If von Willebrand factor decreases, platelet plug formation	r_______
s.	If prostacyclin synthesis is inhibited, the size of a blood clot	s_______