DIRECTIONS
1. Please PRINT your name on each page of examination immediately!!!!  NOW!!
2. You absolutely must confine your answers to the spaces provided.  Do not wander off onto the back of a page, the margins around some other question, or such foolishness.
3. Your handwriting (printing) must be legible.
4. If you have completed the examination before the end of the period, sign the honor statement below, and place the exam in the correct envelope at the front of the room.

I certify that I neither sought nor gave any unauthorized information while taking this examination.

_____________________________________ ________________
 Signature                                                                Date

__________________________________________________________________
 

#1. Please examine the following data and supply the requested information in the table and then answer the related questions that follow.
 

Ion	[Ion]in mM	[Ion]out mM	EIon mV	Relative Permeability
Na+	13	135	________	0.03
K+	120	4	________	1.0
Ca++	0.001	1.8	________	0.0000001
Cl-	5	125	________	0.10

#1. a   Complete the data table above by supplying the E for each ion.

b. Approximate the sign and value of the
resting membrane potential?     ____________mV

c. What is the maximum, peak potential possible for an
 action potential carried on these neurons?   ____________mV

d. List two changes in membrane permeability that
 would result in depolarization:

  ________________________ and  _________________________

e. List two changes in [Ion]out that would result in membrane
 hyperpolarization

  ________________________ and  _________________________

f. List two changes in [Ion]out that would result in depolarization:

  ________________________ and  _________________________

g. What is responsible for the rising phase of an action potential? (Be specific!)

  __________________________________________________

h. What things are responsible for the falling or repolarization phase of the action potential?

  _______________________________________________________
i. What feature or property of a neuron prohibits an action potential from reversing directions as it travels down and axon?

  ________________________________________________________
j. If the Vm is equal to the value you gave for part a above, in which direction will Cl- diffuse?

   ______________________________________________

#2. Explain the mechanism by which stimulation of the sympathetic nerve to the heart decreases the actions of the parasympathetic nerve to the heart:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#3.  Now complete this table by listing ALL receptors found in the tissues listed:
 

TISSUE	ALL RECEPTORS IN THIS TISSUE
Intestines	________________________________
Heart	________________________________
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles	________________________________
Lung airways	________________________________
Muscles of the pupils of the eye	________________________________
Blood vessels to intestines	________________________________
Sweat Glands	________________________________
Sympathetic Presynaptic	________________________________
Nerve Terminal	________________________________
Adrenal Medulla	________________________________

#4.  Complete the following table using + for excitation, - for inhibition, and 0 for no effect:
 

DRUG	TISSUE	RESPONSE TO DRUG LISTED
ACh	Heart Pacemaker	____________________
ACh	Intestine	____________________
Nicotine	Intestine	____________________
Propranolol	Heart Pacemaker	____________________
NE	Blood Vessels to Skeletal Muscles	____________________
Epi	Blood Vessels to Skeletal Muscles	____________________
Epi	Muscles controlling Pupil diameter	____________________
Epi	Blood vessels to intestines	____________________
ACh	Presynaptic Symp. Nerve terminal	____________________
Muscarine	Bronchiole Diameter	____________________
Epi	Bronchiole Diameter	____________________
Epi	Sweat Glands	____________________
ACh	Sweat Glands	____________________
agonist	Intestine	____________________
agonist	Heart	____________________
agonist	Adrenal medulla	____________________
agonist	Skeletal muscle	____________________
agonist	Blood Vessels to Skeletal Muscles	____________________
agonist	Muscles controlling Pupil diameter	____________________
Nicotine	Adrenal Medulla	____________________

#5. First, label the following set of axes for the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociate curve.  Put labels on and the important numbers on both axes:

#5. (continued):
a.  Now please ACCURATELY draw in the curve for Adult hemoglobin and label it as HbA.
b.  Indicate (and label) the P50 value on the correct axis and in the correct position.
c.  Now draw in the curve for fetal hemoglobin - label it as HbF.
d.  Is the P50 value for HbF greater or smaller than the P50 value for HbA ? _________

Explain the reason for your answer in 25 words or less:

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

e.  Now explain why HbF is replaced by HbA very early in life ?

__________________________________________________________________
 

__________________________________________________________________
 

#6. Please explain why a person with Type A blood cannot receive a blood transfusion from a person with Type AB blood?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

#7. Please draw the blood clotting cascade:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#8. Explain in a few words why liver disease leads to jaundice:
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

#9. Just for a few chuckles and some easy points, answer each of the following with I(ncrease), D(ecrease), or No   :
 

a.	As the intensity of a super-threshold stimulus increases, the amplitude of a  resulting action potential on an axon	_________
b.	As the concentration of an excitatory neurotransmitter in the synapse  increases, the magnitude of the resulting IPSP	_________
c.	As extracellular calcium concentration decreases, the amount of ACh  released from a sympathetic nerve	_________
d.	As action potential refractory period decreases, the maximum frequency of action potentials on a nerve cell	_________
e.	As action potential frequency increases, the refractory period of  an axon	_________
f.	As a skeletal muscle shortens past resting length, the active  tension developed	_________
g.	As the load placed on an isotonically contracting muscle is  increased, the rate of muscle shortening	_________
h.	As a muscle is stretched past its resting length, the passive  tension	_________
i.	As cytoplasmic Ca++ increases, the number of cross bridges formed  by a muscle	_________
j.	As the [ACh] increases in a synapse, the rate of skeletal muscle  shortening	_________