DIRECTIONS
• Please PRINT your name on each page of examination immediately!!!!  NOW!!
• You absolutely must confine your answers to the spaces provided.  Do not wander off onto the back of a page, the margins around some other question, or such foolishness.
• Your handwriting (printing) must be legible.
• If you have completed the examination before the end of the period, sign the honor statement below, and place the exam in the correct envelope at the front of the room.

SCOREBOARD

Question             Higgins Points             Your Score

#1.                             48                  ______________

#2.                             56                  ______________

#3.                             16                  ______________

#4.                             15                  ______________

#5.                             16                  ______________

#6.                             24                  ______________

#7.                             40                  ______________

#8.                             14                  ______________

#9.                             21                  ______________
 

Total                         250                  _____________
 
 

I certify that I neither sought nor gave any unauthorized information while taking this examination.

_____________________________________ ________________
 Signature                                                               Date
__________________________________________________________________

#1. Look at the back page of the exam.  It’s SUPER page!!!!!  The questions are on this page; place your answers on the back page.  (You will be givena second copy to draft your answers which should then be NEATLY transcribed onto the last page.)

a. Fill in the top TWO graphs accurately!  Please note that the ventricular volume graph does not have a time component, so do not try to link it to the ECG.  However the graph of Aortic BP can be linked to the ECG since they both have the same Time scale on the X axis.

b. On the ventricular volume vs. muscle strength plot, label the following points:
• point of aortic vale closure - A
• point of A-V valve closure - B
• point of AV valve opening - C
• End of systole - D
• End of Diastole - E
• Beginning of atrial repolarization - F
• Location of the ECG P wave - G
• Location of the ECG T wave - H
• Location of the ECG QRS complex - I
• Location of the point of minimal pressure in the ventricle - J

c. Now label the aortic pressure plot with the following:
• Point of AV valve opening - P
• Point of Semilunar valve opening - Q
• Beginning of Systole - R
• Beginning of Diastole - S

d. Finally according to your plots the way you drew them, give numerical values for:

#2. Let’s now fill in the following table using I, D, or No:
 

DRUG / NT	HR	SV	TPR	VR	CO	DP	PP
Muscarinic Agonist	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
EPI	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
agonist	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
agonist	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
agonist	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
agonist	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
Nicotinic agonist  (low dose)	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________
Vasodilator	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________	__________

#3. Increased TPR in a healthy subject DIRECTLY results in :  VR _________

HR ______ SV ______ TPR ______  CO ______ DP ______ SP ______

EXPLANATION: ___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

#4.  Explain in detail (but ONLY in the spaces below)how histamine released in response to an insect bite leads to local tissue swelling:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

#5. List four STRUCTURAL features of cardiac muscle cells and then give a brief summary of the importance or reason for each:
 

Structure:	Function:
a.____________________________	____________________________
b.____________________________	____________________________
c.____________________________	____________________________
d.____________________________	____________________________

 

#6. A. Please draw a ventricular muscle cell action potential below.

6. b. Describe the changes in membrane conductances  that are responsible for the three major sections or phases of this AP:
 
 

Description of the Phase	Changes in membrane conductances
a.____________________________	_______________________________________
b.____________________________	_______________________________________
c.____________________________	_______________________________________

6. c. Now please describe the two main functions or purposes served by the cardiac action potential:

1._______________________________________________________________________

2._______________________________________________________________________

#7.  Please list the steps in the body’s immediate homeostatic response to a sudden increase in MAP:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#8.  What is the significance of Poiseuille’s Law to the circulatory system?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
 

#9. Time for your favorite (I)ncrease, (D)ecrease, or No  :
 

a. As plasma CO2 increases, plasma pH	a._________
b. As atrial distention occurs over time, renal sodium    reabsorption	b._________
c. As hypotension occurs over long periods of time,    renal water reabsorption	c._________
d. As renal blood flow decreases, renal sodium    reabsorption	d._________
e. As MAP decreases, medullary pressor area activity	e._________
f. As EDV increases, SV	f._________
g. As plasma pH decreases, SV	g._________
h. As sympathetic stimulation increases, SA node    cell Na+ conductance	h._________
i. As the activity of the vagus nerve increases, SA     node cell K+ conductance	i._________
j. As arterial compliance decreases, DP	j._________
k. As arteriole plasma NO levels increase, blood flow     through the arteriole	k._________
l. As blood flows from an arteriole into a capillary,   the velocity of blood flow	l._________
m. As blood flows from a capillary into a venule,      MAP	m.________
n. As HR increases, DP	n._________
o. As EDV decreases, PP	o._________
p. As EDV increases, VR	p._________
q. As the concentration of an ACE inhibitor increases     MAP	q._________
r. As plasma [ANP] increases, the volume of urine     output	r._________
s. As TPR increases, VR	s._________
t. As MAP increases in the renal artery, blood flow to    the kidney	t._________
u. As MAP in an artery to an organ increases, the      resistance to flow in that vessel	u._________