The “New” Paradigm in Ecology

• Clements, F. E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24: 252-284.

  • Climax succession

• Gleason, H. A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53: 7-26.

  • “Random” succession

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