AFTER WATER ABSORPTION BY SEEDS, THERE IS A SHARP RISE IN OXYGEN UPTAKE.  ATP LEVELS ALSO Increase.

INCREASE IN OXYGEN UPTAKE IS NEEDED TO GENERATE ENERGY FOR
a.  Synthesis of enzymes to degrade stored foods.
b.  Synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes
c.  Synthesis of new cells [RNA, DNA, Protein, membrane, cell wall]
d. Active transport of nutrients and metabolites

 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY USED IN BIOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH
NADH OR NADPH: REDUCING ENERGY
ATP: CHEMICAL ENERGY

 PRINCIPLES OF C OXIDATION AND ENERGY YIELD
1. Oxidation of fatty acids or glucose yield energy reducing equivalent at NADH.
2. Energy in NADH can then be trapped as ATP.

 How much energy is released from oxidation of one glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + energy (~36 ATPs)

 MAJOR STAGES FOR BREAKDOWN OF FOOD MOLECULES

1. POLYMER BREAKDOWN:     STARCH OR SUC --> GLU OR 6C-SUGAR

2. GLYCOLYSIS (CYTOPLASM):
1 GLU ---> 2 PYRUVATE (3C) + 2ATP

3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE [IN MITOCHONDRIA]:
PYRUVATE --> ACETYL COA --> 3CO₂ + 4NADH +1FADH₂

4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND ATP GENERATION
a). ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM NADH TO O₂
b) ELECTROCHEMICAL PROTON GRADIENT GENERATES ATP.

MOBILIZATION OF SEED RESERVES:
1. DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
2. TRANSPORT OF A SOLUBLE FORM TO GROWING ROOT & SHOOT APEX
MOL. ARE USED FOR RESPIRATION & SYNTHESIS.

MAIN SEED RESERVES ARE
I. CARBOHYDRATES: STARCH,
II. LIPIDS
III. PROTEINS

I. STARCH --- [a-AMYLASE, b-AMYLASE]----> GLUCOSE
STARCH --[STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE] ---> GLUCOSE -1-P
SUCROSE (GLU-FRU) IS TRANSPORT FORM OF CARBOHYDRATES.

II. LIPIDS IN FAT BODIES --[LIPASE] --> GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS
FATTY ACIDS --[b-OXIDATION] --> ACETYL-COA
  TRANSPORTED AS SUCROSE, & THEN CONVERTED TO ACETYL-COA.
ACETYL-COA CAN BE USED FOR ENERGY OR SYNTHESIS OF NEW LIPIDS.

III. PROTEINS ---[PEPTIDASES] ---> AMINO ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS ARE TRANSPORTED TO GROWING ROOT & SHOOT.
USED FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEW ENZYMES, and PROTEINS.

DISTRIBUTION OF METABOLITES OCCURS IN CONDUCTING ELEMENTS CALLED PHLOEM.

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Lecture Review

Oxygen needs.
Oxidation of 1 mole of a 6C Fatty acid will yield ______( more or less) energy than oxidation of 1 mole of glucose.
Briefly explain why.
 

Draw the structure of a saturated 6C fatty acid.
Draw the structure of glucose.
What is the structure of pyruvate?

b)  Respiration occurs when O₂ is taken up and CO2 is released.
Know the four major stages of respiration, and their cellular location.
 

Where do the C atoms of CO₂ come from?  (biochemically) carbohydrates, proteins, lipids?
[Where do the specific reactions releasing CO₂ occur in the cell?

Oxidation of pyruvate to CO₂ means there is a loss of electrons from glu.  What mol gained the electrons during the citric acid cycle?
 

What is the specific role of O₂?
 [where does the reaction take place in the cell? be specific).  _______________

How much ATP is formed from oxidation of one molecule of glucose?  Why?