Solitary behavior and circadian rhythms

1. Feeding
   1. Herbivory
      1. cheek pouches
      2. caching
      3. scatter-hoarding
      
      
      
   2. Carnivory
      1. hunting styles
         1. stalk and pounce

         2. patrolling
         3. cooperative hunting
         
         
         
      2. prey killing
         1. kill bite
         2. grab and shake
         3. roll with forefaws
   
   
   
2. Shelter-building
   1. nests
   2. burrows
   3. structures
   
   
   
3. Grooming
   1. functions
   2. selfgrooming
   3. allogrooming
   
   
   
4. Use of space
   1. territories vs. homeranges
   2. territory maintenance
      1. scent marking
      2. elimination
      3. vocal
      4. overt aggression
   
   
   
5. Predator avoidance
   1. risk minimizing behavior
   2. hiding
   3. running
   4. burrowing
   5. falling
   6. expose spines
   7. "playing possum"
   8. active defense
      1. physical
      2. chemical
   
   
   
6. Activity rhythms (biological clocks)
   1. How do animals organize their behavior through time?
      1. circadian
      2. circannual
      3. ultradian
      
      
      
   2. What is organized?
      1. sleep/wake
      2. body temperature
      3. feeding
      4. hormone secretion
      5. growth
      
      
      
   3. Is it exogenous or endogenous?
      
      
   4. Location of the clock: suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
      1. Hamster SCN transplant experiment
         1. Lesion SCN of 20 hour period mutant
         2. Transplant fetal SCN tissue of 22 hour period mutant
         3. Circadian rhythm is restored with period of 22 hours
      2. Other tissues (all tissues?) show circadian rhythmicity in culture
      
      
      
   5. Entrainment
      1. Zeitgeber
         1. Light is primary signal
            • Photoreceptors in retina (pigment=melanopsin)
            • Non-mammals also have extraretinal photoreceptors (e.g., pineal gland)
            • Why don't mammals have extraretinal photoreceptors?
         2. Other types of signals may influence other tissues
            • Food -> liver
      2. Exposure to zietgeber changes onset of next cycle depending on when it occurs
         1. Phase advance (shortens current cycle; next "day" starts sooner)
         2. Phase delay (lengthens current cycle; next "day" starts later)
      3. Why have entrainment?