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1495 Europeans Mercury ------> syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
?? Chinese Moldy
soybean curd -----> boils (furuncles, carbuncles) (S. aureus)
??
S. American Indians Chewed bark of cinchona tree ----> malarial fever
(Plasmodium spp.); Wore
sandals furry with mold -----> foot infections
~
1630 Europeans Quinine (bark of cinchona) -----> malaria (Plasmodium
spp.)
1877 Louis
Pasteur Inhibition of some microbes by others; anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
1908 Gelmo Synthesized
sulfanilamide (1st sulfonamide)
1908-10
Paul Ehrlich Selective stains; Synthesized arsenic compound arsphenamine;
(Nobel Prize) ("606", Salvarsan) -----> syphilis (T. pallidum);
Coined terms "magic bullet," "chemotherapy," "chemical
knife); Further progress delayed by physician hesitancy
1913 Eisenberg Studied
bactericidal properties of azo dyes with sulfonamide grouping
1924 Gratia
& Dath Systematic search of soil microorganisms; Discovered actinomycetin
from Actinomycetes
1928/9
Alexander Fleming Inhibition of S. aureus colonies by mold Penicillium
notatum; (Nobel Prize) Discovered
"miracle drug," penicillin
1935 G.
Domagk Prontosil (only active in vitro) but converted in the
body tosulfanilamide moiety (active in vivo) which was secreted in the
urine; analog of vitamin para-aminobenzoic
acid
1939 G.
Domagk Therapeutic value of sulfonamides (sulfur group of compounds);
(Nobel Prize) Streptococcus
and broad range antimicrobial activities
1939 Rene
Dubos Isolated gramicidin and tyrocidin from Bacillus brevis;
Active against gram positive bacteria
By
1945 Pharmacologists had 5488 derivatives of sulfanilamide
(sulfonamides)
1944/5
Selman Waksman Isolated streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus (soil
microbes); (Nobel Prize) Active against some gram negatives and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis; Proposed term "antibiotic"
= chemical compound made by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other
microorganisms at low concentrations
1945
Florey & Chain Reinvestigated, isolated and characterized penicillin;
(Nobel Prize) Demonstrated practical
clinical value as better means to prevent death from infection
of war wounds
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