Please circle your recitation section #:  I am registered for:

Section: MON  TUES  WED  THURS  FRI

  2201  2204  2205  2208   2209

  2202    2206

  2203    2207

DIRECTIONS:

1. Please, please, please PRINT your name on each and every page of this exam NOW!
2. You must use a pen (if you wish the right to a re-grade request) and you absolutely must confine your answers to the spaces provided.  We will/can not hunt for random scribblings!
3. You may leave when you have completed the exam until 9:40 AM.  Place your examination in the appropriate envelope at the front of the room.  At this time everyone will remain seated until all examinations have been collected at exactly 9:50 AM.

4. Of course, we have a third deathless quote for you to ponder before beginning the examination:

 "Sometimes I think I understand everything, then I regain consciousness."  - Anon.

PAGE          Higgins Points          Visitor's Score
      2                    54
      3                    37
      4                    45
      5                    30
      6                    34
  TOTALS     200 POINTS

 
#1. As promised, it's SUPER QUESTION!!!!  Tear off the last page of the examination.  Use the data on it to answer this amazing question.  You must include units where appropriate!
 

a.  What is the extraction ratio of Substance R?	__________________
b.  What is the extraction ratio of Substance S?	__________________
c.  What is the GFR?	__________________
d.  How much of S is filtered per minute?	__________________
e.  How much of S appears in the urine in a minute?	__________________
f.  Which substance is reabsorbed?	__________________
g.  How much of this substance is reabsorbed/min?	__________________
h.  Which substance is secreted?	__________________
i.  How much of this substance is secreted/min?	__________________
j.  How much water does the kidney reabsorb/min?	__________________
k.  How much urine is formed/min?	__________________
l.  What is the creature's BLOOD volume?	__________________
m.  What is the creature's pulmonary blood flow?	__________________
n.  What is the cardiac output?	__________________
o.  What is the alveolar ventilation rate?	__________________
A glance at the data demonstrates a problem with the plasma pH!!!
p.  What is the condition?	______________________________
q.  What is the body's immediate and most rapid response?

   ___________________________________________________________

 r.  What is another, slower, long term strategy that will also be utilized by the body?

   ___________________________________________________________
 

#1.  (Super Question, continued….)

 s.  Diagram the renal system's response to this problem with the plasma pH (see above) by drawing a cell of the PCT (include and represent the relevant intracellular, microscopic structures of the PCT cell!) and illustrate and label the renal processesand reactions involved:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

#2. The following substances and ions pass across the PCT cells.  Describe the mechanism by which each substance passes across the lumenal (facing the lumen of the PCT and filtrate) and basal (facing the peritubular capillary) PCT cell membranes:
 

Substance	Process at lumenal membrane	Process at basal membrane
Na+	____________________________	____________________________
Cl-	____________________________	____________________________
K+	____________________________	____________________________
Glucose	____________________________	____________________________
H+	____________________________	____________________________
HCO3-	____________________________	____________________________

#3.     Son of Super Question!!!  You have a stenosis (narrowing) of the renal artery which decreases blood flow to the kidney.  Neatly diagram (I want a flow chart!!) everything that will result from this condition.  You absolutely MUST keep all of your answer on the front of this page!  No exceptions, so plan your answer carefully!!!!!
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
#4.      How about a few graphs???

(Graph below: PAH filtered, secreted, excreted)

#5. LIST three DIFFERENT cardiovascular (in the blood and circulation ONLY) adaptations found in diving mammals:

1._____________________________________________________________________

2._____________________________________________________________________

3._____________________________________________________________________

#6. Well, time to finish up with some good old up downs!  Please use I, D, or No :
 

a. As plasma osmotic pressure increases, GFR	a.______
b. As plasma osmotic pressure increases, collecting duct water permeability	b.______
c. As plasma [CO2] increases, medullary A pool neuron activity	c.______
d. As plasma [CO2] increases, RBC intracellular [Cl-]	d.______
e. As plasma [CO2] increases, % saturation of Hb with O2	e.______
f. As Hb binds O2, plasma [HCO3-]	f.______
g. As plasma PO2 decreases, glomus cell GK+	g.______
h. As plasma [bradykinin] increases, blood flow to salivary glands	h.______
i. As the extraction ratio of a substance increases, the clearance ofthat substance	i.______
j. As a whale submerges, its lung volume	j.______
k. As smooth muscle cytosolic [Ca++] decreases, myosin light chain protein phosphatase activity	k.______
l. As plasma [atropine] increases, salivary flow rates	l.______
m. As plasma caffeine increases, renal tubule water reabsorption	m.______
n. As plasma pH increases, the P50 value of hemoglobin	n.______
o.   As efferent arteriole diameter decreases, GFR	o.______
p.   As saliva passes through the salivary ducts, saliva [K+]	p.______
q.   As alveolar ventilation rate increases, alveolar PCO2	q.______

Each of the following substances were injected i.v.

Substance      Amount injected          PA (mg/100ml)         PV (mg/100 ml)       U (mg/ml)

R                        20 mg                               0.50                             0.50                      0.0
S                        20 mg                                0.30                            0.27                      0.15
T                        20 mg                               0.10+                           0.01                      0.45

Other Data:

V = 0.1 ml/min                                                Plasma pH = 7.28
FF = 0.15                                                        Plasma osmotic pressure = 310 mOsm
Hematocrit = 0.40                                           Urine pH = 4.3
Q/AV = 0.75                                                   End systolic volume = 75 ml
Plasma [HCO₃-] = 17 mEq/l                          End diastolic volume = 40 ml
Respiratory tidal volume = 32 ml                   Heart rate = 90 beats/min
Non-conducting airway volume = 12 ml         Systolic BP = 78 mm Hg
Respiratory rate = 18 breaths/min                  Diastolic BP = 60 mm Hg

Use the rest of this page and the back for calculations, doodles, and scribbles.  It will NOT be collected: