Alternative hypotheses for providing care: evidence

• Confidence of paternity (fish and herps)

  • Internal fertilization - 86% maternal care
  • External fertilization - 70% paternal care

• Order of gamete release

  • Simultaneous fertilization (most species) - 78% paternal
  • Other species - male deposits first, but doesnít leave

• Association

  • Territorial males have external fertilization

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