Measuring natural selection

• When trait is linearly related to LRS

  • Directional selection: S = cov (trait,fitness)
  • Cov(x,w) = S(xi-X)(wi-W)/n

• When trait is unimodally related to LRS

  • Stabilizing selection: S = cov (trait2,fitness)

• When trait is bimodally related to LRS

  • Disruptive selection: S = cov (trait2,fitness)

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