BLOOD
Textbook Chapter 16
&
Coloring Book (pages 135 - 139)
BLOOD FUNCTIONS
- Transport
- Immunity (later in semester )
- Hemostasis
- Homeostasis
BLOOD:
BLOOD COMPONENTS
- Plasma (Vs. Serum)
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Ions
- Water
- Cellular
Leukocytes
- Polymorphonuclear or granulocytes
- Neutrophil
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
- Monomorphonuclear or agranulocytes
- Monocytes (mf)
- Lymphocytes
ERYTHROCYTES
- ME
N: 4.5 - 6.5 x 106 cells/
ml
- WOMEN: 3.8 - 5.8 x 106 cells/
ml
HEMATOCRIT
Blood Properties
Hematocrit (42+5% & 47+5%)
Density or specific gravity 1.050 g/ml
Viscosity (3.5 - 5.5 x h2o)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (2-8 mm/hr)
HEMOGLOBIN
- 12 - 16 gms/100 mls of BLOOD
WHY PUT HEMOGLOBIN IN A CELL?
[O2] + [Hb] --> [Hb(O2)4]
- 98% of O2 in blood is bound to Hb
- 1.34 mls O2/gm of Hb
- 20.1 mls of O2 carried/100 mls blood
ADULT HEMOGLOBIN (HbA)
- MW = 64,458
- 4 polypeptide chains - 2 pairs
- 2 a - 141 amino acids
- 2 b - 146 amino acids
- 4 heme groups
- Porphyrin
- Iron
OTHER TYPES OF Hb
- HbF - Fetal Hemoglobin
- 2 a & either (2e OR 2d CHAINS)
- HbS
- Replace #6 amino acid glutamic acid with valine in b chain
P50
P50 = [O2] in mm Hg that yields 50% saturation of Hb
INCREASE P50 OR DECREASE Hb AFFINITY FOR O2
- DECREASE pH
- INCREASE TEMPERTATURE
(Hb UNLOADS MORE O2 @ GIVEN PO2)
BLOOD TYPES
- Web sites to visit:
- http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG11121.html
- http://ftp.bbc.co.uk/tw/9798/9801blood.shtml
Blood Type Antigen Antibodies
O NONE ANTI A
ANTI B
A A ANTI B
B B ANTI A
AB A & B NONE
Rh FACTOR
1. MAKE ANTI-RHESIS MONKEY RED CELL ANTIBODIES IN RABBIT
2. IF ANTI-Rh REACTS WITH HUMAN RBC --> Rh+
3. IF ANTI-Rh DOES NOT REACT WITH HUMAN RBC ---> Rh -
Rh FACTOR PROBLEMS
- Rh - MOTHER CONCEIVES Rh + FETUS
- FETAL RBCs LEAK INTO MATERNAL CIRCULATION
- MOTHER PRODUCES ANTI Rh ANTIBODIES (IgG)
- SECOND Rh + CHILD: FETAL RBCs ATTACKED BY MATERNAL IgG
SECOND Rh + CHILD: FETAL RBCs ATTACKED BY MATERNAL IgG
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Rh TREATMENTS
RHOGAM: ANTI - Rh TO MOTHER AFTER BIRTH OF FIRST CHILD.
TRANSFUSION OF SECOND CHILD
QUESTION:
WHY DOES Rh FACTOR POSE A PROBLEM WHILE ABO BLOOD TYPES DO NOT???
Erythropoietin:
Tissue Hypoxia
STEM CELL + ERYTHROPOETIN ---->
ERYTHROBLAST ---->
NORMOBLAST ---->
RETICULOCYTE ---->
MATURE RBC
(MAKE ABOUT 2.3 X 108/DAY)
ANEMIA
- Hemorrhagic - blood loss
- Aplastic - marrow damage
- certain organics, x-rays, etc.
- Hemolytic
- Sickle Cell & Snake Venoms
- Pernicious ( vitamin B12 deficit)
- Intrinsic & Extrinsic Factors
- Fe3+ deficiency
Hemoglobin Destruction
Polypeptide chains
Iron (Fe3+)
released from mf
transferrin in plasma
ferritin in cells, esp. liver
BILIRUBIN
- Jaundice
- Elevated Free ---> Liver Problems
- Elevated Conjugated ---> Kidney Malfunction
- Problem For Some New Borns (Use UV Light)
HEMOSTASIS: CLOTTING
VASCULAR SPASM PAIN --->SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE
PLATELET PLUG
CLOT FORMATION
PLATELET PLUG
mM DIAMETER)
ADHERE TO - CHARGED SURFACE, e.g., COLLAGEN IN CUT BVs
DEGRANULATION (SEROTONIN, ADP, PROSTAGLANDINS, etc.)
PLATELETS
- 140,000 - 300,000 / mm3
- TOO FEW ---> THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
- NOTE: ASPIRIN, etc. AS ‘BLOOD THINNERS’
CLOT FORMATION
- FIBRINOGEN (340,000) ---> FIBRIN (LOOSE CLOT)
- FSF COVALENTLY LINKS FIBRIN THREADS (TIGHT CLOT)
FIBRININOGEN ---> FIBRIN ?
- PROTHROMBIN ---> THROMBIN (ACTIVE ENZYME)
- FACTOR Xinactive_--->
FACTOR X active
ACTIVATE FACTOR X ?
- Extrinsic mechanism: tissue thromboplastin + lipids
- Intrinsic mechanism: IX via XI via XII activated by collagen or negatively charged surface
ANTI-COAGULANTS
- Ca++ Chelators + siliconized glass
- Heparin from mast cells and basophils
- Coumarin derivatives (vitamin k analogs; Dicoumarol; Warfarin)
CLOT RETRACTION
Fibrinolysin
- Activated By Thrombin, Factor XII, Tissue Enzymes
Starling’s Capillary Hypothesis
Hydrostatic Pressure
- Plasma Osmotic or Oncotic Pressure
-
p
p
= RT DC
Capillary barrier is selectively permeable to solutes > 69,000 mw
Lymphatic system drains the interstitial space of proteins and water
FILTRATION = REABSORPTION
Edema:
Filtration > Reabsorption
Tissue Dehydration:
Filtration < Reabsorption
D
BP
Dehydration
Hydration
Add Osmotic Solute
Capillary Damage
Lymphatic Blockage