Zool 422 Exam 1. (Wednesday, October 7, 10:00-10:50, ZOP 1250)

Pre-Exam Overview

1. Body compartments and types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve),

their major characteristics (Chapters 3 and 5)

2. Principles of homeostatic signaling and feedbacks (Chapter 6)

cell-to-cell communications (direct, neuro, endocrine, neuroendocrine)

major neurotransmitters (Chapter 7, lectures):

(ACh, NE, Epi, histamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate, peptides) - this is to remember. Know also precursors for ACh and Epi

3. Secondary messenger cascades (lectures, The world of the cell, Fig. 23-18):

G-proteins and coupled receptors

PLC-InsP3 and DAG pathway

Adenilate cyclase pathway

5. Muscles and mechanisms of contraction (Chapter 12)

Skeletal muscle (contractile elements, intracellular compartments

and the sequence of events that lead to E-C coupling)

Smooth muscle (same things)

(there will be no questions about the myosin head conformation and power stroke)

6. Membrane permeability, potentials and impulse propagation (lectures, Chapt, 8, Appen. A)

Distribution of ions, role of pumps. Nernst eqn, reversal potentials

Goldman eqn, relative permeabilities and role of leakage channels. Calculation of Em

V-gated channels, Na and K currents, spike formation, refractory period

Factors that determine the velocity of spike propagation

Graded potentials (EPSP, IPSP), pre- and postsynaptic inhibition

7. ANS (Chapter 11, lectures)

Branches of ANS and groups of responses they mediate

neuroanatomy (ganglia and origination),

neurons, synapses, receptors

receptors on different tissues

8. Pharmacology (lectures,):

General characteristics of pharmacological agents: Kd and residency time

Calculations of the receptor occupancy from Kd and vice versa

Axonal blockers (TTX, STX, anesthetics, TEA)

Presynaptic agents (Latrotoxin, botulinum and tetanus toxins, heavy metals)

Anticholineseterases (eserin, organophosphates)

Nicotinic (nicotine, curare, snake toxins)

Muscarinic (muscarin, atropine),

a -adrenergic (NE, Epi, pentolamine), b adrenergic (Epi, NE, propranolol)

G-protein targeting toxins (cholera, pertussus)

9. Blood (Chapters 16 and 22, lectures)

Plasma and cellular components, main lineages of differentiation

Hemoglobin and mechanism of oxygen transport (briefly)

Regulation of erythropoiesis. Secondary metabolism of Hemoglobin

Blood types.

Blood clotting.

Mechanisms of immunity: primary innate response (inflammation), humoral response (antibody production by B-cells), Cytotoxic cell activation (T-cell response)