Mutation
Nondisjunctive point mutations
over short term: not important in changing allele frequencies
f (A1) = 0.5 mutation rate A1 --> A2 = 1
over 2000 generations, f (A1) = 0.49
If f (A2) increases rapidly, selection must be involved
Long-term, over evolutionary time
mutation is critical - providing raw material for natural selection
Mutation rate is independent of H, P, Ne
but mutation can increase H and increase P