Reading list

Lehmann, L. & Keller, L. (2006). The evolution of cooperation and altruism. A general framework and classification of models. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19, 1365-1378.

Lehmann, L., Keller, L., West, S. A. & Roze, D. (2007). Group selection and kin selection. Two concepts but one process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 6736-6739.

Leigh. 2010. The group selection controversy. J Evol Biol.

Social Evolution Theory: inclusive fitness and alternative approaches

Why does helping evolve?

Required:

Maynard Smith, J. (1964). Group selection and kin selection. Nature, 201, 1145-1147.

West et al. (2002) Cooperation and competition between relatives. Science 296, 72-75.

Gardner, A. (2008). Primer: The Price equation. Current Biology, 18, R198-R202.

Optional:

Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The evolution of altruistic behaviour. Am. Nat., 97, 354-356.

Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I & II. J. Theor. Biol

Michod, R. E. & Hamilton, W. D. (1980). Coefficients of relatedness in sociobiology. Nature, 288, 694-697.

Grafen, A. (1982). How not to measure inclusive fitness. Nature, 298, 425-426.

Griffin and West. Kin selection: fact and fiction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2002) vol. 17 (1) pp. 15-21.

Frank, S. A. (2003). Repression of competition and the evolution of cooperation. Evolution, 57, 693-705.

Gardner, A., West, S. A. & Barton, N. H. (2007). The relation between multilocus population genetics and social evolution theory. American Naturalist, 169, 207-226.

Grafen, A. (2007). The formal Darwinism project: a mid-term report. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20, 1243-1254.

Grafen, A. (2007). Detecting kin selection at work using inclusive fitness. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 274, 713-719.

Lehmann, L., Keller, L. & Sumpter, D. J. T. (2007). Inclusive fitness explains the evolution of helping and harming behaviors on graphs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20, 2284-2295.

West et al. Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation. Current Biology (2007) vol. 17 (16) pp. R661-R672

West, S.A., El Mouden, C. & Gardner, A. In press. Social evolution theory and its application to the evolution of cooperation in humans.

Game theory: Frequency-dependent selection in a simplified world

What helping strategies lead to optimal outcomes in games?

Required:

Axelrod and Hamilton. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390-1397

Nowak MA, CE Tarnita, T Antal (2010). Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations. Phil Trans R Soc B 365: 19-30

Optional:

Antal T, H Ohtsuki, J Wakeley, PD Taylor, MA Nowak (2009). Evolution of cooperation by phenotypic similarity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 8597-8600.

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. 1988 The evolution of reciprocity in sizable groups. J. Theor. Biol. 132, 337–356.

Brown, J.S. & Vincent, T.L. (2008) Evolution of cooperation with shared costs and benefits. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 1985–1994

Bshary, R. & Bronstein, J.L. (2004) Game structures in mutualistic interactions: what can the evidence tell us about the kind of models we need? Adv. Study Behav. 34: 59–101.

Bshary, R. & Bergmuller. (2008) Distinguishing four fundamental approaches to the evolution of helping. J. Evol Biol 21: 405-420

Doebeli M & Hauert C. (2005) Models of cooperation based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift game. Ecol Letters 8: 748-766

Mcnamara et al. (2008) The coevolution of choosiness and cooperation. Nature 451:189-192

Imhof, L.A. & Nowak M.A. (2010) Stochastic evolutionary dynamics of direct reciprocity. Proc. R. Soc. B 277:463-468.

Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. (1993). A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Nature, 364, 56-58.

Nowak MA, K Sigmund (1998). Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 393: 573-577.

Nowak MA, A Sasaki, C Taylor, D Fudenberg (2004). Emergence of cooperation and evolutionary stability in finite populations. Nature 428: 646-650

Nowak MA, K Sigmund (2004). Evolutionary dynamics of biological games. Science 303: 793-799.

Nowak MA, K Sigmund (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 437: 1291-1298.

Nowak MA (2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314: 1560-1563.

Pfeiffer et al.(2005) Evolution of cooperation by generalized reciprocity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272: 1115-1120

Rand DG, A Dreber, T Ellingsen, D Fudenberg, MA Nowak (2009). Positive interactions promote public cooperation. Science 325: 1272-1275

Cooperative breeding and sociality in birds and mammals

Why are some animals cooperative breeders?

Required:

Bergmuller et al. (2007) Integrating cooperative breeding into theoretical concepts of cooperation. Behavioural Processes 76: 61-72

Gilchrist, J.S. (2007) Cooperative behaviour in cooperative breeders: costs, benefits, and communal breeding. Behavioural Processes 76: 100–105.

Sachs, J.L. and D.R. Rubenstein. (2007) The evolution of cooperative breeding; is there cheating? Behavioural Processes 76:13-137

Optional:

Bergmuller, Heg, and Taborksy. (2005) Helpers in a cooperatively breeding cichlid stay and pay or disperse and breed, depending on ecological constraints. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 272:325-331.

Bergmuller et al. (2007) On the further integration of cooperative breeding and cooperation theory. Behavioural Processes 76: 170-181

Bruintjes and Taborsky. (2008) Helpers in a cooperative breeder pay a high price to stay: effects of demand, helper size and sex. Animal behaviour 75: 1843-1850

Canestrari, Vera, Chiarati, Marcos,Vila and Baglione. (2010) False feeding: the trade-off between chick hunger and caregivers needs in cooperative crows. Behavioral Ecology 21:1-9.

Charmantier, Keyser, Promislow. (2007) First evidence for heritable variation in cooperative breeding behaviour. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 274:1757-1761.

Doerr, Doerr, and Safran. (2007) Integrating delayed dispersal into broader concepts of social group formation. Behavioural Processes 76: 114-117.

Emlen, S.T., Reeve, H.K., & Keller, L. (1998) Reproductive skew: disentangling concessions from control. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13: 458-459.

Jennions, M. D. & Macdonald, D. W. (1994). Cooperative breeding in mammals. Trends Ecol. Evol., 9, 89-93.

Kokko, H., Johnstone, R. A. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2001). The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 268, 187-196.

McDonald, Kazem, Clarke, and Wright. (2008) Helping as a signal: does removal of potential audiences alter helper behavior in the bell miner? Behavioral Ecology 19:1047-1055.

Richardson, Burke, and Komdeur. (2002) Direct benefits and the evolution of female-biased cooperative breeding in Seychelles warblers. Evolution 56: 2313-2321.

Rubenstein, D.R. and S.-F. Shen. 2009. Reproductive conflict and the costs of social status in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. The American Naturalist 173:650-661.

Russell, Young, Spong, Jordan, and Clutton-Brock. (2007) Helpers increase the reproductive potential of offspring in cooperative meerkats. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 274: 513-520.

Safran, Doerr, Sherman, Doerr, Flaxman, and Winkler. (2007) Group breeding in vertebrates: linking individual and population-level approaches. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9: 1163-1185.

Taborsky (Barbara), Skubic, and Bruintjes. (2007) Mothers adjust egg size to helper number in a cooperatively breeding cichlid. Behavioral Ecology 18: 652-657.

Wiley, R. H. & Rabenold, K. N. (1984). The evolution of cooperative breeding by delayed reciprocity and queuing for favorable social positions. Evolution, 38, 609-621.

What ecological conditions lead to cooperative breeding?

Rubenstein, D.R. and I.J. Lovette. 2007. Temporal environmental variability drives the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Current Biology 17:1414-1419.

Lion and Gandon. Habitat saturation and the spatial evolutionary ecology of altruism. Journal of evolutionary biology (2009) vol. 22 (7) pp. 1487-1502

Gardner and Foster. The Evolution and Ecology of Cooperation–History and Concepts. Ecology of Social Evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (2008)

What is the relative importance of direct vs indirect benefits of helping?

Required:

Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2009) Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies. Nature 461: 51-57

Schino and Aureli. (2010) The relative roles of kinship and reciprocity in explaining primate altruism. Ecology Letters. 12:1-6.

Optional:

Bohn, K.M., Moss, C.F. and Wilkinson, G.S. Pup guarding by greater spear-nosed bats. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63:1693-1703.

Boncoraglio ,G.and Saino, N. (2008) Barn swallow chicks beg more loudly when broodmates are unrelated. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 256–262

Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2002). Breeding together: kin selection, reciprocity and mutualism in cooperative animal societies. Science, 296, 69-72.

Cornwallis, C., West, S. and Griffin, A. (in press) Routes to indirect fitness in cooperatively breeding vertebrates: kin discrimination and limited dispersal.

Emlen, S.T.& Wrege,P.H. The role of kinship in helping decisions among white-fronted bee-eaters. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23, 305–315 (1988).

Griffin and West. Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Science (2003) vol. 302 (5645) pp. 634

MacColl, A. D. C. & Hatchwell, B. J. (2004). Determinants of lifetime fitness in a cooperative breeder, the long tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 1137-1148.

Russell, A. F. & Hatchwell, B. J. (2001). Experimental evidence for kin-biased helping in a cooperatively breeding vertebrate. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 268, 2169-2174

Sherman, P. W. (1977). Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls. Science, 197, 1246-1253.

Silk. 2009. Nepotistic cooperation in nonhuman primate groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364: 3243-3254.

Viblanc et al. (2009) Kin selection in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus): littermate kin provide individual fitness benefits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1-7.

Wright, J. Berg, E. de Kort, S. R., Khazin, V. & Maklakov, A. A. (2001) Cooperative sentinel behaviour in the Arabian babbler. Animal Behaviour 62:973-979.

Young, A. J. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2006). Infanticide by subordinates influences reproductive sharing in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Biology Letters, 2: 385-387.

Mutualisms between species: What prevents cheating between species?

Required:

Strassmann, J.E. and Queller, D.C. (2010) The social organism: congresses, parties and committees. Evolution 64:605-616.
Jander, K. C. and Herre, E.A. (2010) Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree-fig wasp mutualism. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B published online Jan 13.

Raihani NJ, Grutter AS, Bshary R (2010) Punishers benefit from third-party punishment in fish. Science 327: 171-171.

Fig and fig-wasp mutualism

Herre, E.A., K.C. Jander, C.A. Machado 2008 Evolutionary ecology of figs and their associates: recent progress and outstanding puzzles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 39:439-458.
Wang, R. W., Shi, L., Ai, S.M., and Zheng, Q. (2008) Trade-off between reciprocal mutualists: local resource availability-oriented interaction in fig/fig wasp mutualism. J. Anim. Ecol. 77:616-623.
Weiblen, G.D. 2002 How to be a fig wasp. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 47:299-330.
Yu, D. W., Ridley, J., Jousselin, E., Herre, E.A., Compton, S.G., Cook, J.M., Moore, J.C. and Weiblen, G.D. (2003) Oviposition strategies, host coercion and the stable exploitation of figs by wasps. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 271:1185-1195

Cleaner and client fish mutualism

Bshary R, Grutter AS, Willener AST & Leimar O (2008) Pairs of cooperating cleaner fish provide better service quality than singletons. Nature 455, 964-967.

Bshary, R. & Grutter, A. S. (2005). Punishment and partner switching cause cooperative behaviour in a cleaning mutualism. Biology Letters, 1, 396-399.

Bshary R. & Grutter AS (2006) Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism. Nature 441: 975–978

Bshary, R. (2002). Biting cleaner fish use altruism to deceive image-scoring client reef fish Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 2087-2093.

Bshary, R. & SchŠffer, D. (2002). Choosy reef fish select cleaner fish that provide high- quality service. Animal Behaviour, 63, 557-564.

Bshary, R. & Grutter, A. S. (2002). Asymetric cheating opportunities and partner control in a cleaner fish mutualism. Animal Behaviour, 63, 547-555.

Bshary, R. & Grutter, A.S. (2002) Experimental evidence that partner choice is a driving force in the payoff distribution among cooperators or mutualists: the cleaner fish case. Ecol. Lett. 5: 130–136.

Bshary, R., Hohner, A., Ait-el-Djoudi, K. & Fricke, H. (2006) Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant Moray eels in the Red Sea. PLoS Biol. 4, 2393–2398.

Bshary R & D'Souza A (2005) Cooperation in communication networks: indirect reciprocity in interactions between cleaner fish and client reef fish. In: Communication networks (McGregor P, ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Soares MC, Côté IM, Cardoso SC & Bshary R (2008) On the absence of punishment, partner switching and tactile stimulation in the cleaning goby - client mutualism. Journal of Zoology 276, 306-312.

Social affiliations, dominance, and manipulation

What are the benefits of social bonds?

Required:

Hauser,M.D. (1992) Costs of deception: cheaters are punished in rhesus monkeys Macaque mulatta. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 12137–12139.

Mitani, J. C. (2009) Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds. Anim. Behav. 77, 633–640.

Silk et al. (2009) The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3099–3104.

Optional:

Aureli,F.,van Schaik,C.P. & van Hoof,J. (1989) Functional aspects of reconciliation among captive long-tailed macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 19, 39–51.

Aureli, F. (1992) Post-conflict behaviour among wild long-tailed macaques Macaca fascicularis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 329–337
Boogert NJ, Reader SM, Laland KN (2006) The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings. Anim. Behav. 72: 1229-1239.

Brosnan SF et al. (2005) Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees. Proc. R. Soc. B 272: 253-25

deWaal,F.B.M.The integration of dominance and social bonding in primates. Q. Rev. Biol. 61, 459–479 (1986).

Ohtsuki H, Y Iwasa, MA Nowak (2009). Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment. Nature 457: 79-82.

Reyes, T.L. & Mateo, J.M. 2008. Oxytocin and cooperation: cooperation with non-kin associated with mechanisms for affiliation. The Journal of Social, Evolutionary & Cultural Psychology, 2, 234-246.

Seed, A. M., Clayton, N. S. & Emery, N. J. 2008 Cooperative problem solving in rooks (Corvus frugilegus). Proc. R. Soc. B 2008 275, 1421-1429

Seed, A. M., Clayton, N. S. & Emery, N. J. 2007 Post conflict third-party affiliation in rooks, Corvus frugilegus. Curr. Biol. 17, 1–7.

Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. (2003) Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science 302, 1331–1334.

Silk, JB. 2007. Social components of fitness in primate groups. Science 317:1347-1351.

Silk, J.B., Altmann, J., & Alberts, S.C. 2006. Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) I. Variation in the strength of social bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 183-195
Silk, J.B., Alberts, S.C., Altmann, J. 2006. Social Relationships among Adult Female Baboons (Papio cynocephalus) II: Variation in the Quality and Stability of Social Bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:197-204

Smith, AS, Agmo, A, Birnie, AK, French, JA 2010 Manipulation of the oxytocin system alters social behavior and attraction in pair-bonding primates, Callithrix penicillata. Hormones and Behavior 57: 255-262.

Tebbich, S., Taborsky, M. & Winkler, H. 1996 Social manipulation causes cooperation in keas. Anim. Behav.52, 1–10.

Voelkl, B and Kasper, C. (2009) Social structure of primate interaction networks facilitates the emergence of cooperation. Biology Letters 5: 462-464.

Weidt et al. (2008) Not only mate choice matters: fitness consequences of social partner choice in female house mice. Animal behaviour 75: 801-808

Wittemyer, G & Getz, W.M. 2007 Hierarchical dominance structure and social organization in African elephants, Loxodonta africana. Anim. Behav. 73:671-681.

How do individuals punish?

Mulder, R. A. & Langmore, N. E. (1993). Dominant males punish helpers for temporary defection in superb fairy wrens. Animal Behaviour, 45, 830-833.

Biological markets

How does partner choice and partner switching drive helping?

Required:

Noe and Hammerstein. (1994) Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35:1-11.

Fruteau et al. (2009) Supply and demand determine the market value of food providers in wild vervet monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:12007-12012.

Bshary, R. & Noe, R. (2003) Biological Markets: The ubiquitous influence of partner choice on the dynamics of cleaner
fish – client reef fish interactions. In: Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation (Hammerstein, P., ed.), 167–184. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Optional:

Barrett, L., Henzi, S. P., Weingrill, T., Lycett, J. E. & Hill, R. A. (1999) Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 665–670.

Bowles, S. & Hammerstein, P. (2003) Does market theory apply to biology? In: Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation (Hammerstein, P., ed.), 163–165. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

de Waal FBM (1997) The chimpanzees service economy - food for grooming. Evol Hum Behav 18:375–386.

Foster, KR & Kokko, H (2006) Cheating can stabilize cooperation in mutualisms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B 273:2233-2239.

Frank, RE and Silk, JB (2009) Impatient traders or contingent reciprocators? Evidence for the extended time-course of grooming exchanges in baboons. Behaviour 146:1123-1135

Gumert, MD (2007) Grooming and infant handling interchange in Macaca fascicularis: The relationship between infant supply and grooming payment. Int. J. Primatology 28:1059-1074.

Gumert, MD (2007) Payment for sex in a macaque mating market. Animal Behaviour 74:1655-1667.

Heinzi, S.P. & Barrett, L. (2002) Infants as a commodity in a baboon market. Animal Behaviour 63:915-921.

Johnstone RA & Bshary R (2008) Mutualism, market effects and partner control. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21: 879-888.

Mcdonald et al. (2008) Helping as a signal: does removal of potential audiences alter helper behavior in the bell miner? Behavioral Ecology 19: 1047-1055

Noe, R. & Hammerstein, P. (1995) Biological markets. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:336-339.

Noe, R. (2001) Biological markets: partner choice as the driving force behind the evolution of cooperation. In: Economics in
Nature (R. Noe , J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff & P. Hammerstein, eds), pp. 93–118. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Noe, R. (2007) Despotic partner choice puts helpers under pressure? Behavioural Processes 76:120-125.

Port M, Clough D, Kappeler PM (2009) Market effects offset the reciprocation of grooming in free-ranging redfronted lemurs, Eulemur fulvus rufus. Animal Behaviour 77:29–36.

Schwartz, M.W. & Hoeksema, J.D. 1998. Specialization and resource trade: Biological markets as a model of mutualisms. Ecology 79: 1029–1038.

Reciprocity

Does reciprocity exist in nature outside humans?

Required:

Hammerstein, P. (2003) Why is reciprocity so rare in social animals? A protestant appeal. In: Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation (P. Hammerstein, ed), pp. 83–93. MIT Press, Cambridge.

de Waal, F. B. M. & Brosnan, S. F. (2006). Simple and complex reciprocity in primates. In: Cooperation in primates and humans: mechanisms and evolution. (eds. P.M. Kappeler & Carel P. van Schaik) pp. 85-105, Springer, New York.

Gomes CM, Mundry R, Boesch C (2008) Long-term reciprocation of grooming in wild West African chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276:699-706.

Optional:

Brosnan, S. F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). A proximate perspective on reciprocal altruism. Human Nature 13: 129-152.

de Waal, F. (2000) Attitudinal reciprocity in food sharing among brown capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour 60: 253-261.

Godard, R. (1993). Tit-for-Tat among Neighboring Hooded Warblers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33(1): 45-50.

Hart, B. L. and L. A. Hart (1992). Reciprocal allogrooming in impala, Aepyceros melampus. Anim. Behav. 44: 1073-1083.

Heinsohn,R.G. & Packer,C. (1995) Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science 269: 1260–1262.

Packer, C. (1977) Reciprocal altruism in olive baboons (Papio anubis). Nature 265: 441–443.

Seyfarth, R. M. and D. L. Cheney (1984). Grooming, Alliances and Reciprocal Altruism in Vervet Monkeys. Nature 308: 541-543.

Trivers, R.L. (1971) The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35-57.

Watts, D.P. (2002) Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees. Behaviour 139: 343–370.

Whitehead, J. M. (1987). Vocally mediated reciprocity between neighboring groups of mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata. Anim. Behav. 35: 1615-1627.

Wilkinson, G.S. (1984) Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature 308: 181-184.

Wilkinson, G. S. (1988) Reciprocal altruism in bats and other mammals. Ethology and Sociobiology (1988) 9: 85-100.

What are the cognitive requirements for reciprocity?

Required:

Stevens and Hauser. (2004) Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8: 60-65.

Viana, D. S., I. Gordo, et al. (2010) Cognitive and Motivational Requirements for the Emergence of Cooperation in a Rat Social Game. Plos One 5(1).

Dufour V, PelŽ M, Neumann M, Thierry B, Call J (2009) Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans. Biol Lett 5: 172–175.

Optional:

de Waal and Davis. (2003) Capuchin cognitive ecology: Cooperation based on projected returns. Neuropsychologia 41: 221-228

Hauser, M., K. McAuliffe, et al. (2009). Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 364: 3255-3266.

LEE D (2008) Game theory and neural basis of social decision making. NATURE NEUROSCIENCE 11:404-409

Ramseyer et al. (2005) Accepting loss: the temporal limits of reciprocity in brown capuchin monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 179-184

Rilling, J. K., D. A. Gutman, et al. (2002). A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron 35: 395-405.
Rilling JK, King-Casas B, Sanfey AG (2008) The neurobiology of social decision-making. CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY 18: 159-165.

Schultz, W. 2004 Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY 14: 139-147

Stephens et al. (2002) Discounting and reciprocity in an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Science 298: 2216-2218.

Stephens DW, McLinn CM, Stevens JR (2006) Effects of temporal clumping and payoff accumulation on impulsiveness and cooperation. BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES 71: 29-40.

Stevens, J. R., Cushman, F. A. & Hauser, M. D. (2005). Evolving the psychological mechanisms for cooperation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 36, 499-518.

Yamamoto S, Tanaka M (2009) Do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) spontaneously take turns in a reciprocal cooperation task? J Comp Psychol 123: 242–249

Yamamoto S, Tanaka M (2009) Development of selfish tactics but not reciprocal cooperation in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mother-infant pairs in social problem situations. Anim Cogn 12: 27–36.

What is required to demonstrate reciprocity?

Required:

Cheney, DL, Moscovice, LR, Heesen, M, Mundry, R. and Seyfarth, RL (in review) Contingent cooperation between wild female baboons. PNAS.

Krams I, Krama T, Igaune K, et al. (2008) Experimental evidence of reciprocal altruism in the pied flycatcher. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 62: 599-605.

Russell, A. F. & Wright, J. (2009). Avian Mobbing: byproduct mutualism not reciprocal altruism. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 3-5.

Wheatcroft, D.J. & Krams, I. (2009). Avian Mobbing: byproduct mutualism not reciprocal altruism Response. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 5-6.

Optional:

Brosnan SF, Silk JB, Henrich J, et al. (2009) Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task. Animal Cognition 12: 587-597

Clements, KC, Stephens, DW (1995) Testing models of nonkin cooperation - Mutualism and the Prisoner's Dilemma. Animal Behaviour 50: 527-535

Hauser, M. D., M. K. Chen, et al. (2003). Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270: 2363-2370
Krams I, Berzins A, Krama T, et al. (2010) The increased risk of predation enhances cooperation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 277: 513-518.

Melis, A. P., B. Hare, et al. (2006). Chimpanzees recruit the best collaborators. Science 311(5765): 1297-1300.

Melis, A. P., B. Hare, et al. (2008). Do chimpanzees reciprocate received favours? Animal Behaviour 76: 951-962. VIDEO doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.014

Noe, R. (2006) Cooperation experiments: coordination through communication versus acting apart together. Animal Behaviour 71: 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.037

Rutte, C. and Taborsky, M. (2007) Generalized Reciprocity in Rats. PLoS Biology 5:e196

Rutte, C. and Taborsky, M. (2008) The influence of social experience on cooperative behaviour of rats (Rattus norvegicus): direct vs generalised reciprocity. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62: 499-505

St-Pierre, A. et al. (2009) Long-term social bonds promote cooperation in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 4223-4228

Social cognition

How do birds and mammals recognize kin?

Required:

Mateo, J.M. (2004) Recognition systems and biological organization: The perception component of social recognition. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 41, 729–745.

Sharp, S. P., McGowan, A., Wood, M. J. & Hatchwell, B. J. (2005) Learned kin recognition cues in a social bird. Nature, 434, 1127-1130.

Optional:

Buhrman-Deever, S.C., Hobson, E.A., and Hobson, A.D. (2008) Individual recognition and selective response to contact calls
in foraging brown-throated conures, Aratinga pertinax. Anim. Behav. 76:1715-1725.

El-Showk, S. et al. (2009) Are you my mother? Kin recognition in the ant Formica fusca. J. Evol. Biol. 23-397-406.
Gardner, A. and S.A. West (2009) Greenbeards. Evolution 64:25-38.

Grafen, A. (1990) Do animals really recognise kin? Anim. Behav., 39, 42-54.

Hauber, M. E. & Sherman, P. W. (2001) Self-referent phenotype matching: theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Trends in Neurosciences, 24, 609-616.

Lieberman, D., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2007) The architecture of human kin detection. Nature, 445, 727-731.

Lingle, S. (2007) Altruism and recognition in the antipredator defence of deer: 2. Why mule deer help nonoffspring fawns. Anim. Behav. 73:907-916.

Lode, T. (2008) Kin recognition versus familiarity in a solitary mustelid, the European polecat Mustela putorius. C.R. Biologies 331:248-254.

Mateo, J. M. (2002) Kin-recognition abilities and nepotism as a function of sociality. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 721-727.

O'Connor, D.E. & Shine, R. (2005) Kin discrimination in the social lizard, Egernia saxitalis (Scincidae). Behav. Ecol. 17:206-211.

Pfennig, D. W., Collins, J. P. & Ziemba, R. E. (1999) A test of alternative hypotheses for kin recognition in cannibalistic tiger salamanders. Behav. Ecol., 10, 436-443.

Raby CR, Clayton NS (2009) Prospective cognition in animals Behav Proc. 80: 314-324

Psychological altruism

Do nonhuman animals possess psychological altruism?

Required:

de Waal, F. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology 59: 279-300.

Grenier, F, Luthi A (2010) Mouse brains wired for empathy? Nature Neuroscience 13: 406-408.

Optional:

Chen QL et al. (2009) Empathy Is Moderated by Genetic Background in Mice. PLOS ONE 4: e4387.

Cronin KA, Schroeder KKE, Rothwell ES, Silk JB, Snowdon CT (2009) Cooperatively breeding cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) do not donate rewards to their long-term mates. J Comp Psychol 123: 231–241.

de Waal, F., Leimgruber, K. and Greenberg, A. (2008). Giving is self-rewarding for monkeys. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 13685-13689

Hare B, Melis AP, Woods V, Hastings S, Wrangham R (2007) Tolerance allows Bonobos to outperform chimpanzees on a cooperative task. Curr Biol 17: 1–6.

Jeon, D. et al. (2010) Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Ca(v)1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC. Nature Neuroscience 13: 482-488.

Pokorny JJ, de Waal FBM (2009) Monkeys recognize the faces of group mates in photographs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 106: 21539-21543.

Silk, J.B. et al. (2005) Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. Nature 437: 1357-1359

Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A. P., Hanus, D. & Tomasello, M. (2007) Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. PLOS Biology, 5, e184.

Wynne, CDL (2010) The limits of empathy. Ethology 116:383-384.

Evolution of cooperation in humans

Required:

Boyd R & Richerson PJ (2009) Culture and the evolution of human cooperation. Phil Trans R Soc B 364: 3281-3288.

Kurzban, R. and Houser, D. (2005) Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: A complement to evolutionary theory and simulations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:1803-1807.

Optional:

Andre, J.B. (2010) The evolution of reciprocity: Social types or social incentives? American Naturalist 175: 197-210

Bell, A. V., P. J. Richerson, and R. McElreath (2009)Culture rather than genes provides greater scope for the evolution of large-scale human prosociality. PNAS 106, 17671-17674

Bowles, S. (2006) Group competition, reproductive leveling, and the evolution of human altruism. Science 314: 1569–1572.

Bowles, S. (2009) Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors? Science 324, 1293-1298

Boyd, R., H. Gintis, and S. Bowles (2010) Coordinated Punishment of Defectors Sustains Cooperation and Can Proliferate When Rare. Science 328, 617-620

Efferson,C., R. Lalive, and E. Fehr (2008) The Coevolution of Cultural Groups and Ingroup Favoritism. Science 321, 1844-1849
Gachter, S. and B. Herrmann (2009) Reciprocity, culture and human cooperation: previous insights and a new cross-cultural experiment. Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 791-806

Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U. & Fehr, E. (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435: 673–676.

Silk, J.B. 2003. Cooperation without counting: the puzzle of friendship. In: The Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation (P. Hammerstein, ed.), Dahlem Workshop Report 90. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, pp. 37-54

Legume-rhizobia symbiosis

Kiers, E. T., Rousseau, R. A., West, S. A. & Denison, R. F. (2003). Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Nature, 425, 78-81.

Marchetti, M et al. 2010 Experimental evolution of a plant pathogen into a legume symbiont. PLoS Biology 8(1):e1000280.

West, S. A., Kiers, E. T., Pen, I. & Denison, R. F. (2002b). Sanctions and mutualism stability: when should less beneficial mutualists be tolerated? J. Evol. Biol., 15, 830-837.

Quorum-sensing and the production of public goods in microorganisms

Buttery et al. 2009. Quantification of Social Behavior in D. discoideum Reveals Complex Fixed and Facultative Strategies. Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 16, Pages 1373-1377.

Diggle, S. P., Griffin, A. S., Campbell, G. S. & West, S. A. (2007). Cooperation and conflict in quorum-sensing bacterial populations. Nature, 450, 411-414.

Gilbert, O.M., K.R. Foster, N.J. Mehdiabadi, J.E. Strassmann and D.C. Queller, (2007) High relatedness maintains multicellular cooperation in a social amoeba by controlling cheater mutants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 8913–8917

Griffin, A. S., West, S. A. & Buckling, A. (2004). Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria. Nature, 430, 1024-1027.

Harcombe, W. 2010 Novel cooperation experimentally evolved between species. Evolution

Kummerli, R., Griffin, A.S., West, S.A., Buckling, A. & Harrison, F. (2009) Viscous medium promotes cooperation in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 276, 3531-3538.

Ross-Gillespie et al. Frequency dependence and cooperation: theory and a test with bacteria. The American Naturalist (2007) vol. 170 (3) pp. 331-342

Queller, D. C. (2004). Kinship is relative. Nature, 430, 975-976.

West, S. A., Griffin, A. S., Gardner, A. & Diggle, S. P. (2006a). Social evolution theory for microbes. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, 597-607.

What prevents cheating in diffuse mutualisms, e.g. seed dispersal?

Tiffany, B.H. (2004). Vertebrate dispersal of seed plants through time. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35, 1-29.

Tiffany, B.H. and Mazer, S.J. (1995) Angiosperm growth habit, dispersal and diversification reconsidered. Evolutionary Ecology 9:93-117.
Vander Wall, S.B., (2003) Effects of seed-size of wind-dispersed pines (Pinus) on secondary seed dispersal and the caching behavior of rodents. Oikos, 82, 25-34.
Vander Wall, S.B., Longland, W.S. (2004) Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 155-161.
Vander Wall, S.B., Kuhn, K.M., Beck, M.J. (2005) Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology, 86, 801-806

Eusociality

Why are some animals eusocial?

Required:

Hughes, W. O. H., Oldroyd, B. P., Beekman, M. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2008). Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is the key to the evolution of eusociality. Science, 320, 1213-1216.

Gardner, A. & Grafen, A. (2009). Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 659-671.

Optional:

Frank, S. A. (1995b). Mutual policing and repression of competition in the evolution of cooperative groups. Nature, 377, 520-522.

Bernasconi, G. & Strassman, J. E. (1999). Cooperation among unrelated individuals: the ant foundress case. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 477-482.

Queller, D. C., Zacchi, F., Cervo, R., Turillazzi, S., Henshaw, M. T., Santorelli, L. A. & Strassmann, J. E. (2000). Unrelated helpers in a social insect. Nature, 405, 784-787.

Wilson, E. O. & Hšlldobler, B. (2005). Eusociality: origin and consequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 13367-13371.

Wenseleers, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2006). Enforced altruism in insect societies. Nature, 444, 50.

Foster, K. R., Wenseleers, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2006). Kin selection is the key to altruism. Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 57-60.

Reeve, H. K. & Hšlldobler, B. (2007). The emergence of a superorganism through intergroup competition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 9736-9740.

Burland T M, Bennett N C, Jarvis J U M, Faulkes C G. 2002. Eusociality in African mole‐rats: new insights from patterns of genetic relatedness in the Damaraland mole‐rat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 269:1025–1030.

Helping behaviours as non-adaptive byproducts of selected behaviours

When is helping not cooperation?

Required:

Emlen, S.T., F.L.W. Ratnieks, H.K. Reeve, J. Shellman-Reeve, P.W. Sherman and P.H. Wrege 1991. Adaptive versus nonadaptive explanations of behavior: the case of alloparental helping. American Naturalist, 138:259-270

Optional:

Jamieson. 1991. The Unselected Hypothesis for the Evolution of Helping behaviour.

McCracken. Communal Nursing in Mexican Free-tailed bats

Tebbich et al. Social manipulation causes cooperation in keas. Animal Behaviour (1996) vol. 52 (1) pp. 1-10

Bateson, M., Nettle, D. & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2, 412-414.